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Mexico Libertarians
arresters consist of a metal post (stainless steel, aluminum, copper or steel ) with a scanning head. The head can take many forms depending on their operating principle: it can be a point, multipoint, hemispherical or spherical and protrude above the highest parts of the building they protect. The head is connected to ground through a copper wire conductor. The ground spades is done by kneeling on the ground, by also buried conducting plates, or with a dip tube in water from a well). In principle, a lightning rod protects a theoretical area of \u200b\u200ba conical shape with the apex at the head, the radius of the zone of protection depends on the cone opening angle and in turn this depends on the type of protection.
The main objective of these systems is to reduce the damage they can cause a lightning strike on other elements such as buildings, trees or people, including the building itself is protected.
To understand how a lightning rod, summarizes how we present the high-voltage electric field, also called electric shadow.
is the electrical reaction caused by the saturation of electrostatic charges are generated and accumulate progressively in the clouds during the activation of electrical phenomenon a storm. When the potential difference between cloud and land value increases enough (about 10 ... 45 kV) electrostatic energy stored in the cloud is able to cross the little conductive atmosphere, and becomes a burst of energy electromagnetic (visible lightning and noise interference), acoustic energy (thunder), and finally, heat, a phenomenon that occurs in a fraction of a second.
The phenomenon represents random lightning between cloud-cloud, cloud to ground or ground-tag from an electric potential (10/45 kV) between two points or zones of influence of different polarity and different potential to offset loads. E
Effect tip:loads around a conductor is not uniformly distributed but accumulate more sharp edges.
In this way, if you have a tip-shaped object under intense electrostatic field (as generated by a storm cloud), the accumulation of charges on the end is also very high.
Principle of lightning:The lightning rod is nothing but a device that is placed on top of a building, direct the beam through a cable to land without causing damage.
We have already commented that the storm clouds typically have negatively charged base, while the area of \u200b\u200bland that lies below them, the effect of electrostatic induction, has a positive charge.
negative charges repel each other tag and are attracted by the positive charges of the earth.
Since the rod is grounded, electrons are repelled by the cloud with what is positively charged as the ground beneath the cloud.
A phenomenon that we must consider is " natural dissipation, which is produced by trees, fences, rocks and other sharp objects form, whether natural or artificial, subject the electric field of the thundercloud, which will produce the equipotential naturally, producing charge neutralization of the cloud, or at the least, significantly reduced, thereby decreasing the risk to get the cloud over populated areas or dangerous.
lightning Types:
Whatever the form or technology used, all rays have the same purpose: to provide the beam path of least resistance to ground if traversing the structure the building.
There are two main types of lightning:
formed by a rod of 3 to 5 m long, galvanized steel 50 mm in diameter with the tip coated tungsten (to withstand the heat produced by impact with the beam). If you also want to prevent the formation of lightning can carry various air ionization devices.
The area protected by a lightning Flanklin classic is tapered.
protected by a lightning Area classic.
In this type of lightning, the potential effect of compensation is very low, resulting in high risk areas are often used other types of conductors.
This generation of ionized air helps to ground lightning channel, obtaining a protected area of \u200b\u200bspherical-cylindrical shape.
Royal Decree 1428/86 of the Ministry of Industry and Energy prohibited specifically the use of this type of arrester.
Fig. area protected by a radioactive lightning rod
To improve the performance of the lightning rod tip, you can use a technique called " scattering matrix, which consists of a set of simple tips or ionizing whose mission is to offer many discharge point between land and cloud, and thus spread the neutralization download a larger region so as to reduce the appearance of points with different potentials that favor the appearance of lightning.
Fig. reticular area protected by lightning rods.
should be noted that modern buildings with steel structure, play a role similar to the Faraday cage, so the probability that a ray enters one of these buildings is extremely small.
Where it is necessary to place a lightning rod:
According Technology Standards Building is necessary to install lightning rods in the following cases:
Yosra the protection of structures and individuals is necessary to use a system of lightning protection , which has mission to attract and channel lightning currents to the ground.
there are four systems used for protection from lightning.
| PUNTA FRANKLIN Its mission is to bring the excitement of air on any point of the structure to be protected, creating an ionization effect of its edges, making downloading your area affects the coverage, and derive the lightning current to ground. | |
| "Tender" protection is formed by one or more drivers Aerio located on the structure to be protected. Drivers will be connected to ground through a downspout at each end. We
| |
| FARADAY GAVI |
|
| ESE LIGHTNING (PDC)
The PDC emit electrical discharges of lightning reverse polarity, resulting in the attraction of lightning, and raising the point of impact above the structure we are protecting. This will get a larger coverage radius at the base with respect to a conventional lightning rod. PDC Thanks to its prime device emits a high voltage signal amplitude and frequency determined and controlled. Ensures effectiveness through the rapid formation of the upward that spreads continuously until the downward beam, bringing the point of impact of the discharge well above the protected structure. Do to raise the impact point, automatically extend the radius of a lightning rod protection against conventional. | CERTIFICATES Nimbus PDC heads are contempldots with current standards UNE 21186 and NF C 17-102 French. |
| download rays on any cable driver data or power transmission, causing transient currents, characterized by its short duration, rapid growth and very high peak values \u200b\u200b(up to several tens of kW.).
|
When a voltage on a line, it runs a current of about Ka. To avoid overvoltage
equipment connected to the line, has dew install a protector, which will lead to ground, the intensity generated by the surge without concerns him.
A guard acts as a voltage controlled switch. If the voltage is larger than nominal line to protect, guard goes low impedance earthed. In normal operation the protector is in high impedance and is transparent to the installation.
ideal protector, should derive all the maximum intensity generated by the surge, and ends the residual stress should be smaller, that borne by the protected equipment. In practice there is no protector that meets these two criteria.
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achieve a high discharge power and low value of residual stress in a single protector is impossible, so the use of a single guard does not ensure total protection of the facility where sensitive electrical devices. For this reason we installed two or more levels of protection, phased and coordinated.
A first level will be a guard with a high discharge power (65 Ka/40Ka). The second (up to a third level in some cases) will be protective of low residual stress, below the cost to the protected devices. These guards are fitted as close as possible to protect equipment.
telephone lines, whether voice, and data, analog or digital, are highly exposed to lightning overvoltages suffering, having most outside the network, by air. Also radio antennas tickets or information networks are vulnerable to surges induced by lightning.
Unlike the energy networks, to protect the transmission lines (telephone, radio ...), install a single level of protection, as do several steps we cause the loss of signal. These protections will be connected to the serial installation. In case of failure of an overvoltage protection, the line should be no continuity.
conditions.
[Paper presented in the companion Williamina Liberal in the 1st Latin American Congress, Officers' Liberalism and abortion. " Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, Year 2008]
My house is mine and mine alone. And as is mine, I make it what I please.
For example, if I feel like I can leave the door open. It is clear that, in doing so, I risk someone goal. But no matter. Do not leave the door open because the house is no longer mine. Remains mine. And this means that nobody has the right to get into it without my permission. Nor has the right to stay in it if I do not give permission. And fewer still have the right to get into my kitchen and taking food from my pantry or my fridge if I have not given permission. If someone gets into my house without my permission, or taking food without my permission is a thief, he's stealing, is committing violence against me. And then, according to NAP-MV (*), I have a right to defend myself, to respond with violence. For example, I can throw it to push. Or, if necessary, I can kill him. If that has entered my home without permission, and then my pantry or my fridge, is a hungry child, it does not change anything. It is still a thief. I have therefore the right to delete, as I have the right to remove a cockroach that dares to eat the foods in my cupboard, or adult thief who hides behind the curtain with the intention of taking my jewelry and my mink.
Similarly, my body is mine and mine alone. And as is mine, I do with it what I please.
For example, if I please, I can allow any man to penetrate my vagina. It is clear that, in doing so, I risk getting pregnant. But no matter. Not because it allows a man to penetrate my body ceases to be mine. Is still mine. And that means that nobody has the right to get into it without my permission. Nor has the right to stay in it if I did not give permission. And fewer still have the right to get into my uterus and take up nutrients in my blood and my tissues when I have not given permission. If someone gets in my uterus without my permission, or take nutrients from it without my permission is a thief, he's stealing, is committing violence against me. And then, according to NAP-MV (*), I have a right to defend myself, to respond with violence. For example, I can eject it with a pill. Or, if necessary, I can hire someone for that, by special forceps, tearing apart and remove the intruder turned into hash. If that has entered without permission in my womb is a human embryo or a fetus or a potential little person, it does not change anything. It is still a thief. I have therefore the right to delete, as I have the right to remove a cyst in my uterus, or the billions of Trichomonas that are hidden in my organs with the intention of stealing my life.
Maybe someone will think I am a woman denatured. Not so. I'm just a woman LIBERAL, a woman who has learned and has internalized the obvious and Timeless Principles of Private Property Ayn Rand taught me and other learned professors, philosophers, economists and lawyers in the Liberal Philosophy. But also-and this is primarily a woman who cares to live and conduct CONSISTENT with those principles clear and eternal. And wonder why ... I am very surprised that now these learned professors of liberalism say that abortion is a crime, when in fact it is only the logical consequence of The same principles who so vehemently defend expertise and when they talk about economics or policy. An embryo or a fetus in my uterus is just an accident, unexpected and unwanted result of opening the doors of my body, like a cockroach or a thief is unexpected and unwanted result of opening the door of my house. I wonder: is that a small and insignificant accident cancel or suspend the validity of the Obvious and Timeless Principles of Private Property?
do not know ... really do not know why these guys now teachers want to change everything. Is it, perhaps, they plan to submit clear and Timeless Principles of Philosophy Liberal arbitrary and capricious dictates of any religion or a cult?
Thank you, colleagues, comrades.
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(*) NAP-MV : Non Aggression Principle, Minarchist’s Version: Principio eterno y evidente de suyo de la Filosofía Liberal, según el cual es absolutamente inmoral e indeseable iniciar la violencia, pero es absolutamente moral y deseable contestar el golpe mientras llega la policía.
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REPLICAS ASSISTANTS
No
COMMENTS AND MISCELLANEOUS MURMURINGS and uttering OUT LOW BY ATTENDING THE CONGRESS, AFTER THE PRESENTATION OF THE PARTNER willi @ mine ]
-Baaaaah, just talk ...
-Pos will be very coherent, but it is crazy ...
"It's not liberal, an anarchist.
"I do not know if he's crazy or if it will be liberal or anarchist, or be coherent or incoherent ... but I do know, and I'm quite sure this is that this horrible old woman, also of a bitch, is a killer.